Impact of Climate Change on Sri Lanka Essay -- Global Warming Essays

Environmental change is an unavoidable marvel that is being experienced all around in different structures, for example, temperature rise. Ocean level ascent, dry spells, floods, storms, avalanches, and so on. As per the forward evaluation report of the IPCC venture even with quick execution of moderation methodologies worldwide environmental change will proceed for quite a long time. Environmental change is incurring genuine outcomes on human prosperity and will keep on exacting harms later on. It is assessed that mean worldwide temperature will ascend by 1.8 Â ºC - 4.0 Â ºC by end of the 21st century (Izaurraade, 2009). Another worldwide atmosphere model predicts that in the coming decade the surface air temperature is probably going to surpass existing records (Smith et al., 2007). Developing season temperatures in the tropics and subtropics by end of the 21st century will surpass the most extraordinary temperature recorded in the history (Battistic and Rosamond, 2009). Agribusiness is viewed as one of the most helpless parts to environmental change. Despite the fact that at present, the general effect of environmental change on worldwide scale horticultural efficiency isn't dependably evaluated (Gornall et al., 2010). Numerous investigations show genuine ramifications on horticultural profitability for example IFPRI(2009) ventures that in South Asia by 2050 environmental change will decrease creation of rice, wheat and maize by 14%, 44% to 49% and 9%-19% separately comparative with no environmental change circumstance. Chronicled temperature yield relationship shows that at the worldwide scale warming from 1981-2002 likely counterbalance a portion of the yield gains from innovation progresses, rising CO2 and other non climatic components (Lobell and Field, 2007). Creating nations are supposed to be more defenseless than created countri... ...neighborhood farming and food security, this paper endeavors to give an outline of watched and anticipated environmental change in Sri Lanka, its effect on the horticulture part and environmental change adjustment systems through looking into ongoing writing on environmental change. To create suitable systems and institutional reactions to environmental change focusing on smallholder ranchers it is important to have a decent understanding about the neighborhood cultivating condition as far as rancher observation about environmental change, key issues looked by ranchers in conquering atmosphere afflictions, nearby information and qualities on environmental change adjustment. There is a shortage of such examination considers embraced in Sri Lanka hence; this paper presents a contextual investigation attempted on a cultivating network in the middle of the road zone to exhibit how ranchers see and react to atmosphere difficulties.

Same Sex Marriagr essays

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

The Great Cascadia Earthquake of 2xxx

The Great Cascadia Earthquake of 2xxx Cascadia is Americas own structural rendition of Sumatra, where the extent 9.3 quake and tidal wave of 2004 happened. Extending off the Pacific shore from northern California nearly 1300 kilometers to the tip of Vancouver Island, the Cascadia subduction zone seems equipped for its own size 9 seismic tremor. What do we think about its conduct and its history? What might that extraordinary Cascadia seismic tremor resemble? Subduction Zone Earthquakes, Cascadia and Elsewhere Subduction zones are places where one lithospheric plate plunges underneath another (see Subduction in a Nutshell). They make three sorts of seismic tremors: those inside the upper plate, those inside the lower plate, and those between the plates. The initial two classifications can incorporate enormous, harming shudders of greatness (M) 7, similar toward the Northridge 1994 and Kobe 1995 occasions. They can harm entire urban areas and regions. In any case, the third class is the thing that worries debacle authorities. These extraordinary subduction occasions, M 8 and M 9, can discharge many occasions more vitality and harm wide districts occupied by a huge number of individuals. They are what everyone implies by the Big One. Seismic tremors get their vitality from strain (mutilation) developed in rocks from the pressure powers along a shortcoming (see Earthquakes in a Nutshell). Extraordinary subduction occasions are so huge in light of the fact that the issue included has an exceptionally enormous surface territory on which rocks assemble strain. Knowing this, we can without much of a stretch find where the universes M 9 seismic tremors occur by finding the longest subduction zones: southern Mexico and Central America, South Americas Pacific coast, Iran and the Himalaya, western Indonesia, eastern Asia from New Guinea to Kamchatka, the Tonga Trench, the Aleutian Island chain and Alaska Peninsula, and Cascadia. Greatness 9 shakes vary from littler ones of every two unmistakable ways: they last more and they have all the more low-recurrence vitality. They dont shake any harder, however the more noteworthy length of shaking causes more annihilation. What's more, the low frequencies are increasingly powerful at causing avalanches, harming enormous structures and energizing water bodies. Their capacity to move water represents the fearsome danger of tidal waves, both in the shaken area and on coastlines close and far (see more on tidal waves). After the strain vitality is discharged in extraordinary seismic tremors, entire coastlines may die down as the outside unwinds. Seaward, the sea floor may rise. Volcanoes may react with their own action. Low-lying grounds may divert to mush from seismic liquefaction and across the board avalanches might be activated, some of the time crawling along for a considerable length of time a short time later. These things may leave pieces of information for future geologists. Cascadias Earthquake History Investigations of past subduction quakes are inaccurate things, in light of finding their geologic signs: abrupt changes of rise that suffocate seaside woodlands, aggravations in antiquated tree rings, covered beds of sea shore sand washed far inland, etc. A quarter century of research has established that Big Ones influence Cascadia, or enormous pieces of it, like clockwork. Times between occasions run from 200 to around 1000 years, and the normal is around 500 years. The latest Big One is fairly all around dated, albeit nobody in Cascadia at the time could compose. It happened around 9 p.m. on 26 January 1700. We know this in light of the fact that the tidal wave it produced struck the shores of Japan the following day, where the specialists recorded the signs and harms. In Cascadia, tree rings, oral customs of the nearby individuals and geologic proof help this story. The Coming Big One Weve seen enough ongoing M 9 tremors to have a smart thought of what the following one will do to Cascadia: they struck occupied areas in 1960 (Chile), 1964 (Alaska), 2004 (Sumatra) and 2010 (Chile once more). The Cascadia Region Earthquake Workgroup (CREW) as of late arranged a 24-page booklet, including photographs from memorable shudders, to breath life into the loathsome situation: Solid shaking will keep going for 4 minutes, killing and harming thousands.A tidal wave up to 10 meters high will wash over the coast inside minutes.Much of waterfront Route 101 will be blocked because of wave and avalanche damage.Parts of the coast will be cut off from inland urban areas when the streets are covered. Streets through the Cascades may in like manner be blocked.For salvage, emergency treatment, and quick help most places will be on their own.Utilities and transportation in the I-5/Highway 99 passageway will be upset for months.Cities may have huge fatalities as tall structures collapse.Aftershocks will proceed for a considerable length of time, some of them enormous seismic tremors in themselves. From Seattle on down, Cascadian governments are planning for this occasion. (In this exertion they have a lot to gain from Japans Tokai Earthquake program.) The work ahead is tremendous and will never be done, yet every last bit of it will tally: state funded instruction, setting up torrent departure courses, fortifying structures and construction regulations, directing drills and that's only the tip of the iceberg. The CREW leaflet, Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes: A greatness 9.0 seismic tremor situation, has more.

A History of Digital Dignatures

A History of Digital Dignatures History of Digital marks Whitfield Diffie and furthermore Martin Hellman all through 1976, were the principal that clarified the possibility of an electronic advanced novel structure. It was while they essentially guessed in these sorts of strategies, and rapidly after, Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir, alongside Len Adleman imagined the RSA convention. This could be used to make old electronic advanced marks. Ddespite the way that just being a proof-of-idea, the plain RSA marks are not secure. The underlying widely publicized programming bundle to give advanced mark had been Lotus. It was presented all through 1989, and is typically utilized by the RSA calculation. To make RSA exceptional tips, make a RSA fundamental set containing the modulus d that is the result of two enormous primes. Additionally envision the whole numbers: e just as d with the end goal that e d = 1 (mod f(n)) The real underwriters overall population fundamental is made of n and furthermore e, and the endorsers arrangement key is comprised of d. For a sign, there is a correspondence m, and the sign registers s = md (mod n) To guarantee, the beneficiary watches that s e = m (mod n). While noted previously, this sort of essential structure just isnt truly secured. So as to stay away from scenes, one can absolute first, and afterward can execute another cryptographic hash work for the correspondence m. And afterward he can apply the RSA recipe portrayed recently referenced to the outcome. This procedure may be built up secure inside supposed discretionary forecast model. Some other advanced camera interesting methodologies have been immediately made not long after RSA. The essential are Lamport marks, Merkle marks (otherwise called Merkle trees or maybe Hash trees), and Rabin marks. Inside 1988, Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali, and Ronald Rivest took over as absolute first to deliberately diagram the assurance particulars related with advanced trademark systems. They characterized any hierarchy with respect to assault models in regards to interesting plans, and furthermore found the GMR individual structure, the primary that can be which may forestall maybe an existential fraud contrary to another picked data intrusion. Most of right off the bat individual plans had been of the practically identical sort: they call for conditions trapdoor change, for example, the RSA perform, or maybe in evident with the Rabin individual framework, processing rectangular modulo amalgamated n. A trapdoor change family is a family bunch related with stages, specific by a parameter, that is easy to turn out to be inside the forward course, yet is hard so as to make sense of inside the alter way with no at this point knowing the private basic. All things being equal, for each parameter there is a trapdoor (selective significant) that whenever recognized, rapidly decodes what its everything about. Trapdoor stages might just be open key security procedures, in which the parameter will be the open fundamental and the trapdoor will be the key, and furthermore where encoding compares to registering the specific ahead heading of the stage, while unscrambling relates for the alter course. Trapdoor consolidating can even be vie wed as electronic advanced individual plans, where registering the other way with the whole mystery key is thought of as marking, and research the genuine advances course is performed to check marks. As a result of this messages, electronic computerized marks are regularly called controlled by open key cryptosystems, in which settling on is identical to decoding and check is equivalent to encoded shield, anyway this isnt the main strategy electronic marks are normally determined. Utilized promptly, such a one of a kind framework is really in danger of another key-just existential falsification assault. To make a fraud, the specific aggressor decisions any heedless trademark s and utilizations the affirmation procedure to search for the correspondence m equal contrasted with that signature. Utilized, by and by, this kind of remarkable isnt utilized right, yet on the other hand, the material to become marked can be starting hash to create a short review that is then shut. This falsification ambush straightaway, just produces the genuine hash work yield which alludes to s, and not a message that leads for its advantage (which doesn't cause an assault). Inside the arbitrary prophet model, this particular hash-and-unscramble type of one of a kind is existentially un-forgeable, entirely restriction to a picked message attack. There are a few top motivations to sign this sort of hash (or maybe message assimilate) rather than the whole record. For execution: The trademark will likely be a lot faster along these lines spare time thinking about that hashing is for the most part extensively snappier than putting your mark on by and by. For being good: Mail messages are ordinarily smidgen guitar strings, be that as it may, numerous mark techniques run on different territories (counting, on account of RSA, sums modulo an amalgamated number n). Another hash perform might be utilized to change over an aimless criticism into the suitable document position. As to morals: Without the hash work, the words to wind up being marked may need to wind up being partitioned (separated) in forestalls adequately little for your one of a kind framework to accomplish something on them straight. In any case, the specific gadget in the settled upon squares can't recognize if all of them is available and in the best possible get. Focal points AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL SIGNATURES The fundamental advantage thing about open key cryptography can be the expansion in security, just as solace. This is on the grounds that the private keys never should be shipped or presented to any individual. In a mystery key method as examination, the privileged insights suggestions ought to be conveyed (both truly and through a discussion station), and there may be a likelihood that the rival could locate the mystery during their transmitting. Another critical profit by open key projects is that they furnish one path capacities with respect to advanced marks. Approval by the method of utilizing mystery key frameworks requires just the communicating partner of the key. Be that as it may, here and there it needs collaboration of an outsider also. In this way, another mailer can be effortlessly revoked by a formerly confirmed idea. This is through declaring how the talked about arrangement wound up being for reasons unknown influenced by the occasions uncovering the privileged insights. For instance, the specific Kerberos mystery key validation technique comprises of another focal vault that keeps up repeats in the arrangement proposals of most shoppers. Along these lines an assault on the databases will permit far reaching imitation. Open key verification, then again, stops this kind of renouncement; each and every individual offers single commitment in regards to protecting his/her individual critical. This specific home re lated with open key validation is every now and again named non-renouncement. An issue with utilizing open key cryptography relating to encryption is really rate: youll discover popular mystery key encryption procedures which are radically more rapidly when contrasted with any sort of accessible today open key record encryption system. Then again, open key cryptography works incredibly well utilizing mystery key cryptography for the best including all conceivable. For encryption, the absolute best alternative is join open and mystery key strategies to accomplish the two security advantages of open key projects and the speed advantages of mystery key frameworks. Your open key method might be utilized to shield the key which is utilized to guarantee the majority of individual records or even correspondence. Such a procedure is known as computerized camera envelope.. Open key cryptography might be helpless to pantomime, by the by, despite the fact that clients select proposals generally are not possible. An effective attack with a capabilities authority empowers a foe so as to imitate anybody the specific enemy chooses to by utilizing an open key capability from your risked master to circumstance a necessary in the adversarys choice to the class of one more individual. In a few conditions, open key cryptography isn't required alongside mystery key cryptography all alone is chance. This comprises of circumstances where secured mystery key game plan may take spot, for instance through buyers meeting inside a person. It likewise remembers conditions for which a one master comprehends and furthermore deals with the entirety of the proposals. For instance, another shut budgetary program. Since the administration knows everybodys keys as of now, theres not a ton focal points for it to get open. Besides, in broad daylight key cryptography it is typically not required in single-client environmental factors. For example, on the off chance that you need to keep the information ensured, you can do as such with any sort of mystery key document encryption calculation utilizing, announce, your individual security secret phrase since enchantment equation fundamental. For the most part, open key cryptography is most appropriate with an accessible multi-client comm on habitat. Open key cryptography just isnt intended to trade mystery key cryptography, yet rather to have the option to dietary enhancement the thought, to reestablish more secure. The underlying method of utilizing open key techniques wound up being for chance free significant trade, in the in any case mystery key framework, which is in any case among its significant abilities. Mystery key cryptography remains indispensably significant and is likewise the subject of a ton proceeding with audit just as examination. A couple of mystery key cryptosystems are typically talked about inside the regions about forestall figures alongside stream figures.

Network Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

System Security - Essay Example Its capacity to incorporate consistently close to home functionalities, for example, computerized amusement and business, for example, endeavor messages has made it a most loved in the corporate world, and no uncertainty a significant objective for programmers. Blackberry handheld gadgets run on the Blackberry working framework that bolsters the utilization of particular info gadgets customized explicitly to catch the world class cell phone client (BlackBerry bolster 2009). Highlights, for example, the track cushion and most as of late, the touch screen give the blackberry gadgets a novel structure and places it a standard over its nearest matches in the market. The BlackBerry Network Architecture Network design is the format that incorporates the equipment, programming segments, the methods for information move, and the correspondence conventions overseeing information move. BlackBerry gadgets are not simply independent gadgets; they are incorporated into a mind boggling system that looks to convey remotely different administrations to clients. This is advantageous particularly in an undertaking setting where corporate clients need to deal with different errands. Fundamentally, blackberry gadgets interface and with other outer gadgets in four different ways. An information link empowers PC network by means of the blackberry endeavor programming, this primarily for move of records and media. Bluetooth availability synchronizes the gadget with other outer gadgets and can be utilized to make an impromptu system for record and asset sharing. At long last, radio and remote availability serve the essential capacity of voice and information synchronize correspondence. The BlackBerry remote, and radio network stage makes it workable for an association to offer its representatives with access to its email servers in any event, when away from the workplace. Blackberry gadgets interface remotely to systems utilizing different vehicle designs, and all gadgets have a parti cular vehicle mode that it partners with. Eventually blackberry security is best when connected up with the blackberry undertaking server, which is planned explicitly coordinate and business use. This server permits the cell phone to run on a remote stage with all the fundamental functionalities put away separate from the gadget. Basically, the blackberry can effectively be utilized for corporate business capacities, and for individual use with no trade off on information trustworthiness. Wi-Fi transport engineering gives web association with cell phones, of a connect to private systems. Through least expense steering, a remote association can be designed to permit a gadget interface with the venture server stage. This is on the grounds that associations by means of the Wi-Fi transport are viewed as more affordable contrasted with other vehicle models like cell transport. The TCP cell transport depends on a remote specialist co-op for the most part through radio availability. Regula rly arrangements are offered by remote support suppliers who design the gadget dependent on their framework. Another vehicle framework related with blackberry gadgets is the blackberry network access. In this model, association is set up through the blackberry framework. This consequently fits the bill for the least expense directing and can be effectively incorporated with the Wi-Fi transport. The blackberry MDS transport basically is a blend of cell radio vehicle and Wi-Fi transport. This vehicle permits a gadget to legitimately interface up with its related BlackBerry venture server through Blackberry framework. Association in this occasion can be made utilizing Wi-Fi or versatile radio in any case, all

Effective Marketing Strategies For Writing Convincing Essays

Effective Marketing Strategies For Writing Convincing EssaysWhen you write a persuasive essay, or you're looking for new ways to use social media to promote your business, there are some strategies that you can use to better your article and get more exposure. This article will teach you how to use social media to your advantage.Many people make the mistake of creating their own information stream. If you think about it, this is the wrong way to go about marketing. You need to take advantage of a lot of places and ideas, but not all of them. While some would prefer to build an informational sphere around themselves, most are content with what they have.In order to maximize your exposure, you need to make sure that you are active on a number of different social networks. First and foremost, you need to join as many social networks as possible. If you can, create a profile page and fill it with relevant information.Start by uploading the best blogs and web pages that you have found. Th is is an excellent way to share content that you have written. This will bring you a lot of traffic and also allow you to get back links from the directories. By doing this, you will be able to get a nice amount of back links and also get noticed by potential prospects.Links are what you should focus on when building a list of readers. The more links you can generate, the more credibility you have with other people who would trust you more. People love receiving emails, but what they really want is to see your face and your voice.So, before you think about creating your own subject, think about creating a profile page that contains valuable information about your business and its products and services. This will not only help you get links from directories and other sources, but it will also get you a better positioning in the search engines and lead to better rankings.Writing persuasive essays are very important in today's society. But if you do not utilize the proper means of prom otion, you may be missing out on your targeted audience. By creating a profile page with useful information and sharing it on various social networking sites, you will be able to build up a bigger following for your essay and get more exposure.

Lamenting or Complaining Female Authority in The Wife’s Lament - Literature Essay Samples

In Book II of Troilus and Criseyde, the character Pandarus states: â€Å"Wommen are born to thraldom and penance, /and to been under mannes governance.†(Chaucer, line 286-7) Extracted from an exchange between the maiden Criseyde and her uncle, Pandarus, the passage speaks volumes on contemporary views on romance, and the ways in which those views were influenced by prevalent attitudes towards women. The highly ambiguous Germanic poem The Wife’s Lament, though it precedes Chaucer considerably, documents the position of a subjugated woman that experiences exile from her husband, his kin, and her own kin. In consultation with Elaine M. Treharne’s publication, Writing Gender and Genre in Medieval Literature: Approaches to Old and Middle English Texts, the poem breaks convention with traditional literary representations of female figures. Treharne establishes a framework for â€Å"feminine romance† in Middle English poetry, a form of aesthetic expression that f avored masculine heroes and chivalric concepts of male identity. A woman, however, dictates The Wife’s Lament, and advocates for divorced or abandoned women a message of grief and suffering; this language is regarded by scholarship as the conveyance of â€Å"lamenting†. In Carol Parrish Jamison’s article, â€Å"Traffic of Women in Germanic Literature: The Role of the Peace Pledge in Marital Exchanges†, she provides historical context for the wife’s unfortunate position, that of a marital commodity in political exchanges. By considering Jamison’s argument, the female speaker’s voice can be isolated from her physical situation—which is barely divulged in the poem—and a focus placed on her grieving language may propose a dissatisfaction in its title. Perhaps a more appropriate title for the poem is â€Å"The Wife’s Complaint†, since in the beginning lines she proclaims it her mission to speak for herself and h er own sorrows, and in the concluding lines curses her male counterpart for his neglect. By interpreting the speaker’s â€Å"lament† as â€Å"complaint†, the position of the subjugated female changes; the poem instead encourages a feminist reading that accommodates the precedence of female speech and writing.Primarily, The Wife’s Lament is understood as a frauenlied, more literally a â€Å"woman’s song†. The content describes an unnamed protagonist’s isolation and victimization as a result of an exogamous relationship, a typical situation in the Anglo-Saxon heroic tradition. Interestingly, the â€Å"hero† is absent which problematizes the genre of the poem, and consequently, a concrete interpretation of femininity. David Salter, whose essay, â€Å"’Born to Thraldom and Penance’: Wives and Mothers in Middle English Romance† occurs in Treharne’s compilation, demonstrates the various gendered readings o f early Middle English verse and the patriarchal endorsement that pervaded these texts. Salter makes a claim for the opposing female position in texts like The Wife’s Lament:â€Å"†¦if we accept that romance is indeed a feminine genre, we are nonetheless presented with something of a paradox, for what seems to confront us when we examine romance is a feminine genre with virtually no female heroines.†(Salter, 42)Salter’s argument, though valid, is not compatible with The Wife’s Lament, since the â€Å"heroine† is both speaker and protagonist of the poem; her voice, then, can be regarded as a universal, all encompassing articulation for the repressed woman. Salter continues:â€Å"While to a great extent Middle English romance does tend to marginalize female experience, it nonetheless acknowledges the centrality of women in moulding and developing the identity of the male hero.†(Salter, 43)In accordance with this statement, a role reversal is evident in the poem; the speaker, through her husband’s detrimental actions and the absence of his voice, is â€Å"moulded† into the dominant character. The speaker’s vocalization functions as an outlier in the romance genre, it is inherently â€Å"anti-romantic† since the female’s experience is not marginalized. Salter also makes comment on the roles of female figures in poetry: â€Å"And it is particularly through their roles as wives and mothers that women in romance are able to accomplish this shaping of male identity.†(Salter, 43) As the title suggests, the speaker’s role was that of a wife, however, over the course of the poem that label becomes unsatisfactory. In terms of the romance genre, The Wife’s Lament is deemed unconventional due to a lack of masculine presence, the prevalence of the female voice, and the absence of a plot that circulates around the â€Å"hero†.Now that the poem has been contextualized as atypical to the Middle English romance genre, it is possible to conceive of the speaker’s message as protest, rather than that of sorrow or regret. In considering the opening lines, the poem begins with a declaration: â€Å"I make this song of myself, deeply sorrowing,my own life’s journey. I am able to tellall the hardships I’ve suffered since I grew up,but new or old, never worse than now –ever I suffer the torment of my exile.†(Mitchell, lines 1-5)The speaker, though concerned with grievous feelings, adopts an assertive tone when she announces the poem as â€Å"her song†. She is â€Å"able to tell all the hardships† for herself, and does not require a masculine filter to relay her story. It is essentially â€Å"her own life’s journey†, and by establishing these oppressed circumstances and vocalizing her victimization, perhaps the poem or ‘song’ is a mechanism for liberation. Jamison’s article is helpful in regards to the speaker’s situation and the reason for her exile:â€Å"In order to bind men together and ensure peace, Germanic women of the highest rank sometimes served as peace pledges. Usually the daughter of an important warrior or king, the peace pledge would be married off to a man of high status who might be perceived as a potential threat to her kin in hopes of forming an alliance, or at least preventing conflict.†(Jamison, 14)It is likely that the situation Jamison postulates plagues the speaker, as she suffers in exile, isolated from her husband and family. The concept of arranged marriage was potentially oppressive to women, as they became the necessary component in political exchanges; the speaker is aware of her confinement, and perhaps her song will allow her to overcome female inferiority. Jamison also considers the topic of human exchange:â€Å"†¦in a society that valued warfare, marrying off women as a means to ensure peace could turn out badly, in such cases emphasizing the womans unfortunate plight as object of male exchange.†(Jamison, 15)The wife, in Jamison’s terms, is degraded to a commodity that satisfies both parties in a political trade. The speaker is conscious of her role as ‘commodity’ and in the act of speaking she provides a feminine account of victimization; this influences her narrative as one impeded by anguish, yet propelled by injustice and a want for freedom.In examining the narrative, it is significant to consider that the author of The Wife’s Lament was probably male. By reminding ourselves of this, it does not hinder the poem’s attitude and speculations on female oppression. Jamison ultimately makes the connection between the speaker’s status and the historical context that was outlined previously:â€Å"The narrator of The Wifes Lament seems to be a peace pledge whose husband has left his homeland, perhaps exiled for some undisclosed crime, or perhaps to lead his men in battle.†(Jamison, 16)Jamison’s argument is compatible with the sorrow and longing that pervades her narrative: â€Å"First my lord left his people/for the tumbling waves; I worried at dawn/where on earth my leader of men might be.†(Mitchell, lines 6-8) The speaker’s main concern here is the location of her husband, but, when she references him as the â€Å"leader of men†, perhaps this signals a refusal to his leadership over her or women in general. The speaker does not seem distressed over her husband’s return; rather, the poem is saturated in grievous language and neglects to expose any desire to recover the marital bond. Jamison comments on the purpose of the poem and characterizes it as a response to the process of marital exchange:â€Å"Early Germanic women had, in fact, a number of possible responses to marital exchanges and could find ways to move well beyond the role of object, asserting their influence as mothers and diplomats by king-making, or king-breaking, in their new husbands homes.†(Jamison, 31)To regard The Wife’s Lament as a response to demeaning exchanges and as a means to â€Å"move beyond the role of object,† significantly changes the connotation of the lamenting language used to convey it; instead, it would be more appropriate to connote the language as that of ‘complaint’. The speaker is not aggressive in adopting a role as a ‘diplomat’, however, it is evident that she is in favor of her husband bearing a burden identical to her own.In respect to the contents of the narrative, it is equally important, if not more necessary to understand the function of female speech in general. By speaking, the wife is undertaking an action that was rarely allowed to women; the act of writing a ‘song’ of her experience further enables the female figure to independence in political unions. Barrie Ruth Straus in her essay,  "Womens Words as Weapons: Speech as Action in The Wifes Lament†, interprets the poem as a form of speech-act. She asserts at the beginning:The concept of the illocutionary act is introduced to make precise the way that the same proposition can be used differently—to make an assertion, to ask a question, to give an order, to express a wish, and so forth—depending on the situation.†(Straus, 269)Straus’s adoption of the â€Å"illocutionary act† in determining purpose and meaning in the poem elevates the precedence of female language in Anglo-Saxon culture. By apply this concept to the narrative, it becomes apparent that the speaker’s intention advances beyond that of expressing mere sadness. Straus’s argument can be characterized by the following passage:â€Å"The way the wife tells her story—that is, the way she uses words—reveals that she does not merely passively accept her fate, but rather takes advantage of a for m of action available to women of her time.†(Straus, 270)Straus places countenance in the form over the content of the poem. She is conscious that the speaker’s intentions are precisely that, ‘speaking out’, and promoting an empowering message for women through her unfortunate demise. In returning to the beginning lines of the poem, Straus’s proposal is also relevant:â€Å"The presence of a marked overt performative at the beginning of The Wifes Lament, then, indicates the speakers attempt to make her listeners understand her deliberate act of making an assertion.†(Straus, 272)However, the bulk of the speaker’s frustration and desire for independence occurs in the concluding lines:â€Å"Let to himselfall his worldly joys belong! let him be outlawedin a far distant land†¦My beloved will sufferthe cares of a sorrowful mind; he will remembertoo often a happier home. Woe to the onewho must suffer longing for a loved one.†(Mitche ll, lines 45-7, 50-53)The speaker becomes more aggressive in these last lines than anywhere else in the poem, which can be effectively interpreted as protest. The wife’s initial longing transitions into a longing for her husband’s exile, which translates to the wife’s inclination for equal treatment. Her narrative does not blatantly ask for liberation; instead, the speaker wishes for equal sorrow on her husband, which, in terms of speech acting, infuses the female voice with authority. Straus concludes her exposition by stating: â€Å"The speaker has shown that she can do more than weep. She can still use words to make her story and its causes known. Thus she takes action by not suffering in silence.†(Straus, 275)The Wife’s Lament, though ambiguous in purpose and intention, enacts a performance of the oppression that women experience in marital exchanges and political strife. Anglo-Saxon literature and culture was fundamentally supported by the pat riarchy and masculine topics, even those that are inherently female, such as feminine romance. The poem examined functions as more than a sorrowful lyric or an elegy for longing; the ambiguity that overwhelms the poem and confuses critics even in contemporary scholarship, was conceivably a universal message for women. The ambiguity allows for multiple interpretations and the possibility for a title that better articulates the want for independence associated with feminine romance. Perhaps a more appropriate title for the poem is â€Å"The Wife’s Complaint†, since in the beginning lines she proclaims it her mission to speak for herself and her own sorrows, and in the concluding lines curses her male counterpart for his neglect. By interpreting the speaker’s â€Å"lament† as â€Å"complaint†, the position of the subjugated female changes; the poem instead encourages a feminist reading that accommodates the precedence of female speech and writing.Work s CitedJamison, Carol P. â€Å"Traffic of Women in Germanic Literature: The Role of the Peace Pledge in Marital Exchanges†. Women in German Yearbook: Feminist Studies in German Literature Culture 20 (2004): 13-36. Project MUSE. Web. 1 Dec. 2012.Mitchell, Bruce, and Fred C. Robinson. The Wifes Lament. A Guide to Old English. 8th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1992. 272-75. Print.Salter, David. ’Born to Thraldom and Penance’: Wives and Mothers in Middle English Romance. Writing Gender and Genre in Medieval Literature: Approaches to Old and Middle English Texts. By Elaine M. Treharne. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2002. 41-58. Print.Straus, Barrie R. Womens Words as Weapons: Speech as Action in The Wifes Lament Texas Studies in Literature and Language 23.2 (1981): 268-85.JSTOR. Web. 1 Dec. 2012.